Nasal delivery of killed Bacillus subtilis spores protects against influenza, RSV and SARS-CoV-2
IntroductionSpores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) have been shown to carry a number of properties potentially beneficial for vaccination.Firstly, as vehicles enabling mucosal delivery of heterologous antigens and secondly, as stimulators of innate immunity.Here, we have examined the specificity of protection conferred by the spore-